Ever since biofuels became all the rage I've been fairly annoyed by how willing so many have been, including environmentalists who ought to know better, to jump on the bandwagon without so much as pausing to consider the big picture. I believe it is always a good rule of thumb to not blindly accept convention. Destroying forests to grow fuel, while at the same time taking existing food crops and using them to fuel our cars, when over a billion people worldwide are starving, and using huge amounts of water and petrochemical fertilizers to accomplish all of this, despite the scarcity of drinking water in many regions of the world, and the absolute counter-productivity of using so much oil to make "clean" energy--none of that ever struck me as a good idea. Yet everyone jumped on biofuels like they were the deux ex machina for all of our ecological ills. I guess common sense doesn't factor into the equation when corporations find a way to greenwash their destructive practices by co-opting the most naive elements of the environmental movement. After a few years of wondering when people were going to start thinking again, I was excited by an article from the BBC which pointed out the obvious:
With soaring oil prices, and debates raging on how to reduce carbon emissions to slow climate change, many are looking to biofuels as a renewable and clean source of energy.
The European Union recently has issued a directive calling for biofuels to meet 5.75% of transportation fuel needs by 2010. Germany and France have announced they intend to meet the target well before the deadline; California intends going still further.
This is a classic "good news-bad news" story.
Of course we all want greater energy security, and helping achieve the goals (however weak) of the Kyoto Protocol is surely a good thing.
However, biofuels - made by producing ethanol, an alcohol fuel made from maize, sugar cane, or other plant matter - may be a penny wise but pound foolish way of doing so.
Consider the following:
- The grain required to fill the petrol tank of a Range Rover with ethanol is sufficient to feed one person per year. Assuming the petrol tank is refilled every two weeks, the amount of grain required would feed a hungry African village for a year
- Much of the fuel that Europeans use will be imported from Brazil, where the Amazon is being burned to plant more sugar and soybeans, and Southeast Asia, where oil palm plantations are destroying the rainforest habitat of orangutans and many other species. Species are dying for our driving
- If ethanol is imported from the US, it will likely come from maize, which uses fossil fuels at every stage in the production process, from cultivation using fertilisers and tractors to processing and transportation. Growing maize appears to use 30% more energy than the finished fuel produces, and leaves eroded soils and polluted waters behind
- Meeting the 5.75% target would require, according to one authoritative study, a quarter of the EU's arable land
- Using ethanol rather than petrol reduces total emissions of carbon dioxide by only about 13% because of the pollution caused by the production process, and because ethanol gets only about 70% of the mileage of petrol
- Food prices are already increasing. With just 10% of the world's sugar harvest being converted to ethanol, the price of sugar has doubled; the price of palm oil has increased 15% over the past year, with a further 25% gain expected next year.
Little wonder that many are calling biofuels "deforestation diesel", the opposite of the environmentally friendly fuel that all are seeking.
With so much farmland already taking the form of monoculture, with all that implies for wildlife, do we really want to create more diversity-stripped desert?
Others are worried about the impacts of biofuels on food prices, which will affect especially the poor who already spend a large proportion of their income on food.
This was indeed a refreshing interjection of the obvious into the debate (or non-debate) about biofuels. However it never went anywhere. Over a year and a half later we are only increasing our sprint toward biofuels, and the much needed debate isn't any closer to breaking out. Now we are seeing the cost of food shoot up, thanks to our ignorance. Perhaps now that we are facing a big recession, and Americans are more sensitive to their financial situation they will take note of the rise in food prices, and connect the dots for once. Perhaps then they will also connect the dots between biofuels and deforestation. Perhaps then they will question all of the negative side effects of biofuels, and start to restrict this greenwashed corporate bonanza before we leave ourselves in worse shape than when we embarked on this ill-conceived adventure.
We need to finally realize that there will be no deus ex machina to save us from ourselves--halting global warming will only be accomplished through sacrifice, with corporations taking the first, largest, and most deserved sacrifice. Now all we need is a government that will stand up to corporations before it is too late. In happier news, Bill Maher apparently caught on to the fact that biofuels are actually quite destructive:
The Biofuel Boomby Bill Maher
A couple years ago, investing in biofuels was the shit. Incentivizing biofuel production was thought to be good for business and good for the environment, a win-win. It's that rare cause that could bring together Al Gore, President Bush, and Willie Nelson.
Oops. It turns out now that we've had a few years to study things, and worldwide investment in biofuels has risen from $5 billion in 1995 to $38 billion in 2005, everybody's wrong, and we're all fucked. The biofuel boom is actually
accelerating global warming.
Time has an excellent cover story this week,
The Clean Energy Scam, with all the details, but the basic problem is simple: "using land to grow fuel leads to the destruction of forests, wetlands, and grasslands that store huge amounts of carbon." Yes, switchgrass, sugarcane ethanol, even corn ethanol are all cleaner energy sources than oil-based gasoline, but those crops replace vegetation and soils that suck up even more carbon. So it's a big net loss. In order to get these biofuels, we're devastating huge swaths of land - a Rhode Island-size chunk of the Amazon rain forest was deforested just in the second half of 2007. And the demands to kill more carbon-absorbing land are only growing: the energy bill signed last year mandates producing 36 billion gallons of biofuel by 2022 (we do 7 billion now). It's not just the farmers in Iowa getting rich off this, agribusiness has plants going up in several other states. The beast is loose: "biofuels increase demand for crops, which boosts prices, which drives agricultural expansion, which eats forests."
Scientists have been on the biofuel bandwagon - how did they get it so wrong? As
Time puts it, "It was as if the science world assumed biofuels would be grown in parking lots. The deforestation in Indonesia shows that's not the case. It turns out the carbon lost when wilderness is razed overwhelms the gains from cleaner-burning fuels."
Just as bad, apparently some people in the world still use land to grow real food, and the 800 million people in the world with cars are taking food from the 800 million people in the world who are hungry and putting it in our gas tanks. I, for one, think that's rude. Going up to a poor Brazilian boy, snatching the hot dog out of his hand and shoving it in the nozzle of your Prius, that's wrong. But this is happening: four years ago, two University of Minnesota researchers predicted hunger would drop to 625 million but last year they revised that estimate to 1.2 billion, a significant gain, because of biofuels.
What do we do? I don't know. If global warming really is a planetary emergency, we need socialized medicine for our environment. As long as the profit motive is what it is, deforestation will continue to be a problem. Railing against it has to become hip again, like it was in the early 90s. But what do we do for fuel, now that even switchgrass isn't even that good? Filling our cars with Chinese people is looking better and better everyday.
Update: Read this DailyKos diary about the food riots that have broken out recently on pretty much every continent as a result of a 83% increase in food prices worldwide in the last three years. It doesn't take a genius to pinpoint the cause of these price increases, or the result of the price of food nearly doubling in three years when a billion people were already starving at the old prices. (hint: cutting their already minuscule food intake in half makes it harder to not starve to death)